III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM

III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM

1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best

thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to

shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to

recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a

regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.

[The equivalent to an army corps, according to Ssu-ma Fa,

consisted nominally of 12500 men; according to Ts`ao Kung, the

equivalent of a regiment contained 500 men, the equivalent to a

detachment consists from any number between 100 and 500, and the

equivalent of a company contains from 5 to 100 men. For the last

two, however, Chang Yu gives the exact figures of 100 and 5

respectively.]

2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not

supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the

enemy's resistance without fighting.

[Here again, no modern strategist but will approve the words

of the old Chinese general. Moltke's greatest triumph, the

capitulation of the huge French army at Sedan, was won

practically without bloodshed.]

3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the

enemy's plans;

[Perhaps the word "balk" falls short of expressing the full

force of the Chinese word, which implies not an attitude of

defense, whereby one might be content to foil the enemy's

stratagems one after another, but an active policy of counter-

attack. Ho Shih puts this very clearly in his note: "When the

enemy has made a plan of attack against us, we must anticipate

him by delivering our own attack first."]

the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces;

[Isolating him from his allies. We must not forget that Sun

Tzu, in speaking of hostilities, always has in mind the numerous

states or principalities into which the China of his day was

split up.]

the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field;

[When he is already at full strength.]

and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.

4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can

possibly be avoided.

[Another sound piece of military theory. Had the Boers

acted upon it in 1899, and refrained from dissipating their

strength before Kimberley, Mafeking, or even Ladysmith, it is

more than probable that they would have been masters of the

situation before the British were ready seriously to oppose

them.]

The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various

implements of war, will take up three whole months;

[It is not quite clear what the Chinese word, here

translated as "mantlets", described. Ts`ao Kung simply defines

them as "large shields," but we get a better idea of them from Li

Ch`uan, who says they were to protect the heads of those who were

assaulting the city walls at close quarters. This seems to

suggest a sort of Roman TESTUDO, ready made. Tu Mu says they

were wheeled vehicles used in repelling attacks, but this is

denied by Ch`en Hao. See supra II. 14. The name is also applied

to turrets on city walls. Of the "movable shelters" we get a

fairly clear description from several commentators. They were

wooden missile-proof structures on four wheels, propelled from

within, covered over with raw hides, and used in sieges to convey

parties of men to and from the walls, for the purpose of filling

up the encircling moat with earth. Tu Mu adds that they are now

called "wooden donkeys."]

and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three

months more.

[These were great mounds or ramparts of earth heaped up to

the level of the enemy's walls in order to discover the weak

points in the defense, and also to destroy the fortified turrets

mentioned in the preceding note.]

5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will

launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,

[This vivid simile of Ts`ao Kung is taken from the spectacle

of an army of ants climbing a wall. The meaning is that the

general, losing patience at the long delay, may make a premature

attempt to storm the place before his engines of war are ready.]

with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the

town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a

siege.

[We are reminded of the terrible losses of the Japanese

before Port Arthur, in the most recent siege which history has to

record.]

6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops

without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying

siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy

operations in the field.

[Chia Lin notes that he only overthrows the Government, but

does no harm to individuals. The classical instance is Wu Wang,

who after having put an end to the Yin dynasty was acclaimed

"Father and mother of the people."]

7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of

the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be

complete.

[Owing to the double meanings in the Chinese text, the

latter part of the sentence is susceptible of quite a different

meaning: "And thus, the weapon not being blunted by use, its

keenness remains perfect."]

This is the method of attacking by stratagem.

8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the

enemy's one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him;

[Straightway, without waiting for any further advantage.]

if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.

[Tu Mu takes exception to the saying; and at first sight,

indeed, it appears to violate a fundamental principle of war.

Ts'ao Kung, however, gives a clue to Sun Tzu's meaning: "Being

two to the enemy's one, we may use one part of our army in the

regular way, and the other for some special diversion." Chang Yu

thus further elucidates the point: "If our force is twice as

numerous as that of the enemy, it should be split up into two

divisions, one to meet the enemy in front, and one to fall upon

his rear; if he replies to the frontal attack, he may be crushed

from behind; if to the rearward attack, he may be crushed in

front." This is what is meant by saying that 'one part may be

used in the regular way, and the other for some special

diversion.' Tu Mu does not understand that dividing one's army

is simply an irregular, just as concentrating it is the regular,

strategical method, and he is too hasty in calling this a

mistake."]

9. If equally matched, we can offer battle;

[Li Ch`uan, followed by Ho Shih, gives the following

paraphrase: "If attackers and attacked are equally matched in

strength, only the able general will fight."]

if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;

[The meaning, "we can WATCH the enemy," is certainly a great

improvement on the above; but unfortunately there appears to be

no very good authority for the variant. Chang Yu reminds us that

the saying only applies if the other factors are equal; a small

difference in numbers is often more than counterbalanced by

superior energy and discipline.]

if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.

10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small

force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.

11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the

bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if

the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.

[As Li Ch`uan tersely puts it: "Gap indicates deficiency;

if the general's ability is not perfect (i.e. if he is not

thoroughly versed in his profession), his army will lack

strength."]

12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring

misfortune upon his army:--

13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat,

being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called

hobbling the army.

[Li Ch`uan adds the comment: "It is like tying together the

legs of a thoroughbred, so that it is unable to gallop." One

would naturally think of "the ruler" in this passage as being at

home, and trying to direct the movements of his army from a

distance. But the commentators understand just the reverse, and

quote the saying of T`ai Kung: "A kingdom should not be

governed from without, and army should not be directed from

within." Of course it is true that, during an engagement, or

when in close touch with the enemy, the general should not be in

the thick of his own troops, but a little distance apart.

Otherwise, he will be liable to misjudge the position as a whole,

and give wrong orders.]

14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as

he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which

obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's

minds.

[Ts`ao Kung's note is, freely translated: "The military

sphere and the civil sphere are wholly distinct; you can't handle

an army in kid gloves." And Chang Yu says: "Humanity and

justice are the principles on which to govern a state, but not an

army; opportunism and flexibility, on the other hand, are

military rather than civil virtues to assimilate the governing of

an army"--to that of a State, understood.]

15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without

discrimination,

[That is, he is not careful to use the right man in the

right place.]

through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to

circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.

[I follow Mei Yao-ch`en here. The other commentators refer

not to the ruler, as in SS. 13, 14, but to the officers he

employs. Thus Tu Yu says: "If a general is ignorant of the

principle of adaptability, he must not be entrusted with a

position of authority." Tu Mu quotes: "The skillful employer of

men will employ the wise man, the brave man, the covetous man,

and the stupid man. For the wise man delights in establishing

his merit, the brave man likes to show his courage in action, the

covetous man is quick at seizing advantages, and the stupid man

has no fear of death."]

16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble

is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply

bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.

17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for

victory:

(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.

[Chang Yu says: If he can fight, he advances and takes the

offensive; if he cannot fight, he retreats and remains on the

defensive. He will invariably conquer who knows whether it is

right to take the offensive or the defensive.]

(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and

inferior forces.

[This is not merely the general's ability to estimate

numbers correctly, as Li Ch`uan and others make out. Chang Yu

expounds the saying more satisfactorily: "By applying the art of

war, it is possible with a lesser force to defeat a greater, and

vice versa. The secret lies in an eye for locality, and in not

letting the right moment slip. Thus Wu Tzu says: 'With a

superior force, make for easy ground; with an inferior one, make

for difficult ground.'"]

(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit

throughout all its ranks.

(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the

enemy unprepared.

(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not

interfered with by the sovereign.

[Tu Yu quotes Wang Tzu as saying: "It is the sovereign's

function to give broad instructions, but to decide on battle it

is the function of the general." It is needless to dilate on the

military disasters which have been caused by undue interference

with operations in the field on the part of the home government.

Napoleon undoubtedly owed much of his extraordinary success to

the fact that he was not hampered by central authority.]

18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know

yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If

you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you

will also suffer a defeat.

[Li Ch`uan cites the case of Fu Chien, prince of Ch`in, who

in 383 A.D. marched with a vast army against the Chin Emperor.

When warned not to despise an enemy who could command the

services of such men as Hsieh An and Huan Ch`ung, he boastfully

replied: "I have the population of eight provinces at my back,

infantry and horsemen to the number of one million; why, they

could dam up the Yangtsze River itself by merely throwing their

whips into the stream. What danger have I to fear?"

Nevertheless, his forces were soon after disastrously routed at

the Fei River, and he was obliged to beat a hasty retreat.]

If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in

every battle.

[Chang Yu said: "Knowing the enemy enables you to take the

offensive, knowing yourself enables you to stand on the

defensive." He adds: "Attack is the secret of defense; defense

is the planning of an attack." It would be hard to find a better

epitome of the root-principle of war.]